【標準分(z 分數)及正態分佈】Standard Score (z-score) and the Normal Distribution
SketchMath 數學團隊 SketchMath Maths Team | 更新 Updated 2026-10-20
標準分是 z = (x − μ) / σ,表示數值 x 與平均數相差多少個標準差,可用來比較不同測驗的成績。正態分佈是對稱的鐘形分佈;約 68% 的數值在平均數 1 個標準差以內,95% 在 2 個以內,99.7% 在 3 個以內。The standard score of a value x is z = (x − μ) / σ, the number of standard deviations it lies from the mean. It lets you compare scores from different tests. A normal distribution is symmetric and bell-shaped; roughly 68% of values lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% within 2 and 99.7% within 3.
在平均數 65、標準差 8 的正態曲線上拖動 x:標準分 z = (x − 65)/8 顯示與中心相距多少個標準差。x = 78 即例題 1。 Drag x along a normal curve with mean 65 and SD 8: the standard score z = (x − 65)/8 counts the standard deviations from the centre. x = 78 is Example 1. 自己試試 → Try it yourself →
In a bell-shaped (normal) distribution, about 68% of the values lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% within 2 and 99.7% within 3. A standard score of ±1, ±2 or ±3 marks those edges.
拖動 k:平均數兩旁 k 個標準差以內的紅色面積,依次增至約 68%、95% 及 99.7%。 Drag k: the red area within k standard deviations of the mean grows to about 68%, 95% and 99.7%. 自己試試 → Try it yourself →
某班的平均分是 65,標準差是 8。求考得 78 分的學生的標準分。A class has mean 65 and standard deviation 8. Find the standard score of a student who scored 78.
z = (78 − 65) / 8 = 13 / 8
答案: Answer: z = 1.625 ≈ 1.63
例題 2 Example 2:比較兩個科目 Compare two subjects
中文:72 分,平均分 60,標準差 10。英文:68 分,平均分 52,標準差 8。學生在哪個科目的相對表現較好?Chinese: score 72, mean 60, SD 10. English: score 68, mean 52, SD 8. In which subject did the student do relatively better?
⚠️ 分數較高不一定較好 A bigger score is not always better當測驗的平均數及離散程度不同,要比較標準分,而不是原始分。Compare standard scores, not raw scores, when the tests have different means and spreads.
⚠️ 平均數與標準差要用同一組數據 Mean and deviation of the same set要用該分數所屬組別的平均數及標準差。z 為負數表示分數低於平均數。Use the mean and standard deviation of the group the score belongs to. A negative z means the score is below the mean.
該數值比平均數高 2 個標準差。
The value is 2 standard deviations above the mean.
必修部分使用標準分及離散程度的概念;用查表進行的正態分佈計算屬 M1。具體考核範圍請以最新課程文件為準。
The Compulsory Part uses standard score and the idea of spread; detailed normal-distribution calculations with tables belong to M1. Check the current syllabus for exactly what is examined.
可以。標準分為負數,表示該值低於平均數。
Yes. A negative standard score means the value is below the mean.