【標準分(z 分數)及正態分佈】Standard Score (z-score) and the Normal Distribution

SketchMath 數學團隊 SketchMath Maths Team | 更新 Updated 2026-10-20

標準分是 z = (x − μ) / σ,表示數值 x 與平均數相差多少個標準差,可用來比較不同測驗的成績。正態分佈是對稱的鐘形分佈;約 68% 的數值在平均數 1 個標準差以內,95% 在 2 個以內,99.7% 在 3 個以內。The standard score of a value x is z = (x − μ) / σ, the number of standard deviations it lies from the mean. It lets you compare scores from different tests. A normal distribution is symmetric and bell-shaped; roughly 68% of values lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% within 2 and 99.7% within 3.

用 AI 逐步解標準分及正態分佈題目 Solve it with AI練習 90 條 DSE 模擬題 Practise 90 DSE-style questions
在平均數 65、標準差 8 的正態曲線上拖動 x:標準分 z = (x − 65)/8 顯示與中心相距多少個標準差。x = 78 即例題 1。 Drag x along a normal curve with mean 65 and SD 8: the standard score z = (x − 65)/8 counts the standard deviations from the centre. x = 78 is Example 1. 自己試試 → Try it yourself →

標準分公式 Standard Score Formulas

標準分Standard scorez = (x − μ) / σ
由 z 求原始分Raw score from zx = μ + zσ
標準差(母體)Standard deviation (population)σ = √[Σ(x − μ)² / n]
經驗法則Empirical rule68% / 95% / 99.7% within 1σ / 2σ / 3σ
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68–95–99.7 經驗法則 The 68–95–99.7 Rule

在鐘形(正態)分佈中,約 68% 的數值在平均數 1 個標準差以內,95% 在 2 個以內,99.7% 在 3 個以內。標準分 ±1、±2、±3 就是這些範圍的邊界。

In a bell-shaped (normal) distribution, about 68% of the values lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean, 95% within 2 and 99.7% within 3. A standard score of ±1, ±2 or ±3 marks those edges.

拖動 k:平均數兩旁 k 個標準差以內的紅色面積,依次增至約 68%、95% 及 99.7%。 Drag k: the red area within k standard deviations of the mean grows to about 68%, 95% and 99.7%. 自己試試 → Try it yourself →
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標準分及正態分佈例題詳解 Worked Examples

例題 1 Example 1:求標準分 Find a standard score

某班的平均分是 65,標準差是 8。求考得 78 分的學生的標準分。A class has mean 65 and standard deviation 8. Find the standard score of a student who scored 78.

  1. z = (78 − 65) / 8 = 13 / 8

答案: Answer: z = 1.625 ≈ 1.63

例題 2 Example 2:比較兩個科目 Compare two subjects

中文:72 分,平均分 60,標準差 10。英文:68 分,平均分 52,標準差 8。學生在哪個科目的相對表現較好?Chinese: score 72, mean 60, SD 10. English: score 68, mean 52, SD 8. In which subject did the student do relatively better?

  1. Chinese: z = (72 − 60) / 10 = 1.2
  2. English: z = (68 − 52) / 8 = 2.0

答案: Answer: 英文(z = 2.0 > 1.2)English (z = 2.0 > 1.2)

例題 3 Example 3:由標準分求原始分 Raw score from a standard score

某測驗的平均分是 70,標準差是 6。一名學生的標準分是 −1.5,求原始分。A test has mean 70 and SD 6. A student has standard score −1.5. Find the raw score.

  1. x = 70 + (−1.5)(6) = 70 − 9

答案: Answer: 61

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💡 應試陷阱與秘訣 Exam Traps & Secrets

⚠️ 分數較高不一定較好 A bigger score is not always better當測驗的平均數及離散程度不同,要比較標準分,而不是原始分。Compare standard scores, not raw scores, when the tests have different means and spreads.
⚠️ 平均數與標準差要用同一組數據 Mean and deviation of the same set要用該分數所屬組別的平均數及標準差。z 為負數表示分數低於平均數。Use the mean and standard deviation of the group the score belongs to. A negative z means the score is below the mean.
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✏️ 自我測試:互動練習 Self-Test: Interactive Practice

溫習方法:點擊以下任何題目,即時在坐標網格載入並核對計算步驟。How to study: click any question to load it on the coordinate grid and check your steps.

(標準分 Standard score)分數 4、6、8:求平均數、標準差及 8 的標準分。Scores 4, 6, 8: find the mean, standard deviation and the standard score of 8.
(比較 Compare)某學生數學考 82 分(平均分 70,標準差 12),物理考 75 分(平均分 60,標準差 6),哪科相對較好?A student scores 82 in Maths (mean 70, SD 12) and 75 in Physics (mean 60, SD 6). Which is relatively better?
(數據變換 Transformations)若每個分數都加 5,平均數、標準差及每個 z 分數會怎樣?If every score is increased by 5, what happens to the mean, the SD and each z-score?
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標準分及正態分佈練習題(DSE 模擬題) Exercises: DSE-Style Practice

SketchMath 題庫內的 DSE 風格練習,選擇題及長題目均附解答。 DSE-style practice from the SketchMath question bank, with solutions for every MC and long question.

離差的量度 · 中五
71 條選擇題 71 MC · 19 條長題目 19 long questions

常見問題 Frequently Asked Questions

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標準分及正態分佈 DSE 練習題 Try a DSE Practice Question